As summer temperatures climb across Texas, livestock experts are reminding cattle producers that heat stress can have serious consequences for herd health, growth and reproduction.
According to the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, heat stress occurs when cattle generate and absorb more heat than they can release. If left unmanaged, it can reduce weight gain, lower reproductive performance and, in severe cases, threaten an animal’s life.
Experts say several factors contribute to heat stress, including high temperatures, humidity, limited air movement, lack of shade or water, genetics and routine management practices. Humidity is especially problematic because it reduces a cow’s ability to cool itself through evaporation.
Different Parts of Texas Face Different Challenges
Conditions vary across the state. In the Texas Panhandle, cattle often experience very hot daytime temperatures, but lower humidity, frequent breezes and cooler nights usually allow animals to recover. In South and East Texas, however, higher humidity and warm overnight temperatures make it much harder for cattle to cool down. Heat stress can build over several consecutive days, increasing the risk of illness. Experts also note that cattle kept in crowded pens or trailers generate additional body heat, making hot conditions even more dangerous.
Water and Shade Can Save Lives
Providing clean, fresh water is one of the most effective ways to protect cattle during extreme heat. A mature cow typically drinks about one gallon of water per 100 pounds of body weight during cooler weather. During the hottest months, that amount can nearly double. Lactating cows require even more water. Young calves are especially vulnerable because they may not drink enough water on their own to regulate their body temperature. Shade is equally important, particularly in humid parts of Texas where direct sunlight adds to the animals’ heat load.
Some Breeds Handle Heat Better
Not all cattle respond to heat the same way. Breeds with Brahman genetics generally tolerate high temperatures better because they are naturally adapted to tropical climates. Producers can improve long-term herd resilience by selecting cattle that perform well under hot conditions.
Animals Most at Risk
Certain cattle require extra attention during periods of extreme heat, including:
- Young calves
- Heavy or overweight cattle
- Sick or weakened animals
These animals often have a more difficult time releasing excess body heat.
Management Can Reduce Heat Stress
Texas A&M AgriLife recommends planning routine livestock work around the weather whenever possible.ย
Producers should:
- Work cattle during the early morning or late evening.
- Avoid handling cattle during the hottest part of the day.
- Ensure water is available in holding pens and during transport.
- Watch for signs of severe heat stress, including open-mouth breathing, excessive panting or animals that appear distressed.
Experts also encourage producers to monitor the Temperature Humidity Index (THI), which helps determine when cattle are at greater risk of heat stress and when management practices should be adjusted. With much of Texas expected to experience prolonged summer heat, taking a few preventive measures now can help keep cattle healthy, productive and safe throughout the season.